Consideraciones médico-legales laborales de la fórmula de Balthazard / Occupational medical-legal considerations of the Balthazard formula

La determinación del porcentaje de pérdida en pacientes lesionados con múltiples secuelas por riesgos de trabajo resulta un verdadero reto para el perito, esto adquiere mayor relevancia cuando en el fuero judicial se pueden presentar discrepancias en los criterios para el uso o no de fórmulas matemáticas para el cálculo. La fórmula de suma combinada, creada por el Médico Forense Víctor Balthazard, no es más que un ordenamiento de una regla de tres que ordena los porcentajes otorgados a cada secuela de mayor a menor para evitar que el porcentaje final sobrepase el 100%, o bien que resulte en un porcentaje mayor que una secuela única puntuada en el baremo y que por gravedad en la intensidad de la misma resulte con un porcentaje menor al calculado por la secuela múltiple y que se ha utilizado en fueros laborales y de seguridad social alrededor del mundo. El Baremo contenido en el Código de Trabajo no establece explícitamente la forma en que se calcula el porcentaje de pérdida por secuelas múltiples, lo cual brinda libertad al perito para utilizar fórmulas, como lo es la fórmula de suma combinada, que permite calcular de forma congruente las pérdidas sucesivas sin sobrepasar a la persona más allá de su capacidad general total del 100% o de otorgar porcentajes mayores a secuelas de mayor gravedad que la suma de las pérdidas por el evento que se está valorando.

The determination of the percentage of loss in injured patients with multiple sequelae due to occupational hazards is a real challenge for the expert, this becomes even more relevant when in the judicial system there may be discrepancies in the criteria for the use or not of mathematical formulas for the calculation. The combined sum formula, created by the Forensic Physician Victor Balthazard, is nothing more than an arrangement of a rule of three that orders the percentages given to each sequel from highest to lowest to avoid that the final percentage exceeds 100%, or that it results in a higher percentage than a single sequel scored in the scale and that due to the severity in the intensity of the same results in a lower percentage than that calculated for the multiple sequel and that has been used in labor and social security courts around the world. The Schedule contained in the Labor Code does not explicitly establish the way in which the percentage of loss for multiple sequelae is calculated, which gives the expert the freedom to use formulas, such as the combined sum formula, which allows a congruent calculation of the successive losses without exceeding the person's total general capacity of 100% or to grant higher percentages to sequelae of greater severity than the sum of the losses for the event being valued.

Application of Sphenoid Sinus Morphological Characteristics in Sex Estimation Based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging Images / Aplicación de las Características Morfológicas del Seno Esfenoidal en la Estimación del Sexo Basada en Imágenes de Resonancia Magnética

SUMMARY: Sex determination of unknown persons plays an important role in forensic science. As most bones used for sex determination are recovered in incomplete state, it is often necessary to use bones that are recovered intact e.g., the sphenoid sinus. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of sphenoid sinuses dimensions for sex determination using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) images in Chinese adults. MRI images of 79 sphenoid sinuses (from 44 men and 35 women) were retrospectively selected. The height, anterior-posterior diameter, area, and perimeter were measured in the midsagittal view of the sphenoid sinuses. All data were subjected to descriptive and discriminative functional analysis with unpaired t-test and canonical discriminant. Comparison between male and female groups showed significant statistical differences regarding the height, anterior-posterior diameter, area, and perimeter of sphenoid sinuses. The predictive accuracy rate of the sphenoid sinus to identify sex was 63.6 % in males and 62.9 % in females with an overall accuracy of 63.3 %. This study proposed the importance of sexual dimorphism of sphenoid sinus dimensions, especially if other methods are not available. It suggested using MRI in forensics science thus obviating the complete dependence on the usage of conventional computed tomography (CT) and facilitating the study of forensic anatomy at the level of soft tissue.

La determinación del sexo de personas desconocidas juega un papel importante en la ciencia forense. Como la mayoría de los huesos utilizados para la determinación del sexo se recuperan en un estado incompleto, a menudo es necesario utilizar huesos recuperados intactos, por ejemplo, el seno esfenoidal. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el valor diagnóstico de las dimensiones de los senos esfenoidales para la determinación del sexo utilizando imágenes de resonancia magnética en individuos adultos chinos. Se seleccionaron retrospectivamente imágenes de resonancia magnética de 79 senos esfenoidales (de 44 hombres y 35 mujeres). La altura, el diámetro anteroposterior, el área y el perímetro de los senos esfenoidales, se midieron en vista mediana sagital. Todos los datos se sometieron a análisis funcional descriptivo y discriminativo con prueba t no pareada y discriminante canónico. La comparación entre los grupos de hombres y mujeres mostró diferencias estadísticas significativas en cuanto a la altura, el diámetro anteroposterior, el área y el perímetro de los senos esfenoidales. La tasa de precisión predictiva del seno esfenoidal para identificar el sexo fue del 63,6 % en hombres y del 62,9 % en mujeres, con una precisión general del 63,3 %. Este estudio propuso la importancia del dimorfismo sexual de las dimensiones del seno esfenoidal, especialmente si no se dispone de otros métodos. Se sugiere utilizar la resonancia magnética en la ciencia forense, obviando así la dependencia total del uso de la tomografía computarizada convencional y facilitando con esto el estudio de la anatomía forense a nivel de los tejidos blandos.

Methods and Research Hotspots of Forensic Kinship Testing / 法医学杂志

Kinship testing is widely needed in forensic science practice. This paper reviews the definitions of common concepts, and summarizes the basic principles, advantages and disadvantages, and application scope of kinship analysis methods, including identity by state (IBS) method, likelihood ratio (LR) method, method of moment (MoM), and identity by descent (IBD) segment method. This paper also discusses the research hotspots of challenging kinship testing, complex kinship testing, forensic genetic genealogy analysis, and non-human biological samples.

Progress in the Application of Magnetic Nanoparticles in Forensic Trace Analysis / 法医学杂志

Given the complexity of biological samples and the trace nature of target materials in forensic trace analysis, a simple and effective method is needed to obtain sufficient target materials from complex substrates. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have shown a wide range of application value in many research fields, such as biomedicine, drug delivery and separation, due to their unique superparamagnetic properties, stable physical and chemical properties, biocompatibility, small size, high specific surface area and other characteristics. To apply MNPs in the pretreatment of forensic materials, maximize the extraction rate of the target materials, and minimize interference factors to meet the requirements of trace analysis of the target materials, this paper reviews the application of MNPs in the fields of forensic toxicological analysis, environmental forensic science, trace evidence analysis and criminal investigation in recent years, and provides research ideas for the application of MNPs in forensic trace analysis.

Animal DNA Typing and Its Research Progress in Forensic Medicine / 法医学杂志

With the advance of molecular biology, DNA analysis technology has been widely applied in forensic science. Non-human DNA analysis can be used in some special cases and has unique forensic value to provide investigation clues and trial basis. Animal DNA typing plays a more prominent role in the detection of all kinds of non-human DNA related cases and is the main content of forensic non-human DNA analysis. This paper reviews the development history, present situation, advantages and disadvantages of animal DNA typing according to its technology, characteristic, challenges facing forensic science application scenarios, and also its future development.

Caracterización de las lesiones personales en el sistema estomatognático valoradas en el Instituto Nacional de Medina Legal y Ciencias Forenses, Regional Suroccidente, entre 2015 y 2020 / Characterization of personal injuries in the stomatognathic system assessed at the Instituto Nacional de Medina Legal y Ciencias Forenses- Regional Suroccidente between 2015 and 2020

Introducción. El dictamen de lesiones personales hace precisiones sobre el daño ocurrido en el cuerpo o en la salud de una persona. La valoración del odontólogo es de gran importancia en los casos en que se ha visto afectado el sistema estomatognático. Objetivo. Caracterizar las lesiones personales que afectaron el sistema estomatognático como producto de actos violentos en 266 casos valorados en el Instituto Nacional de Medina Legal y Ciencias Forenses, Regional Suroccidente, entre 2015 y 2020. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal de las lesiones personales que afectaron el sistema estomatognático. Se incluyó información del dictamen de lesiones personales obtenida de la plataforma del Sistema de Información Forense de Clínica de Colombia (SICLICO) y asociada con la naturaleza de la lesión, las secuelas y la incapacidad médico-legal. Resultados. Se observó una mayor frecuencia de agresores y de víctimas masculinas (94,4 y 64,3 %, respectivamente), especialmente en el grupo etario entre los 21 y los 30 años (32,6 %). Los contextos más frecuentes fueron los de violencia interpersonal (76,3 %) y violencia de pareja (19,9 %). El principal mecanismo de agresión fue el contundente (88,0 %). Las lesiones reportadas en tejidos blandos (83,5 %) afectaron tejidos periodontales (48,9 %) y labios (28,6 %) con edema (32,7 %) y heridas (22,9 %), en tanto que, en tejidos duros (55,1 %), afectaron los dientes (41,4 %) por fractura complicada en tercio cervical (19,2 %) y avulsión (18 %). Predominó la incapacidad definitiva (64,7 %), seguida de la de 20 días (28,6 %) y las secuelas funcionales (24,1 %). Conclusiones. Los tejidos periodontales y los dientes fueron las estructuras más afectadas, lo que ocasionó incapacidades considerables, y dejó secuelas funcionales y estéticas principalmente entre los hombres en edad productiva.

Introduction: Personal injury forensic reports diagnose and define the damage to the body and health of a person including the stomatognathic system by injuries produced as the consequence of other people's actions. Objective: To characterize the personal injuries affecting the stomatognathic system as a result of violent actions in 266 cases evaluated at the Instituto Nacional de Medina legal y Ciencias Forenses-Regional Suroccidente (Cali, Colombia) between 2015 and 2020. Materials and methods: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study to characterize the personal injuries affecting the stomatognathic system. The information was taken from the personal injuries forensic reports registered on the Colombian forensic registration system (Sistema de Información Forense de Clínica de Colombia, SICLICO) platform and associated with the nature of the injury including its consequences and the medico-legal incapacity issued. Results: We observed a higher frequency of male aggressors (94.4%) and male victims (64.3%), especially in the age group between 21 and 30 years (32.6%). The most frequent contexts were interpersonal violence (76.3%) and intimate partner violence (19.9%). The main aggression mechanism was blunt trauma (88.0%). The lesions reported in soft tissues (83.5%) affected periodontal tissues (48.9%) and lips (28.6%) due to edema (32.7%) and wounds (22.9%) while in hard tissues (55.1%), they affected the teeth (41.4%) due to complicated fractures in the cervical third (19.2%) and avulsion (18%). Definitive disability predominated (64.7%) followed by 20-day disability (28.6%) and functional sequelae (24.1%). Conclusions: Periodontal tissues and teeth were the most affected structures causing considerable disabilities, as well as functional and aesthetic sequelae that mainly affected men in productive age.

Research Progress of Exosomes and Their Forensic Significance / 法医学杂志

Exosomes are membranous tiny vesicles secreted by cells, which are widely found in the extracellular matrix and various body fluids and carry a variety of biologically functional molecules such as proteins, lipids, messenger RNA (mRNA) and microRNA (miRNA). Exosomes not only play important biological roles in the field of immunology and oncology, but also have potential application value in the field of forensic medicine. This article reviews the discovery, production and degeneration mechanism, biological functions, isolation and identification methods of exosomes, summarizes the research on exosomes and their significance in the field of forensic science, and discusses their applications in body fluid identification, individual identification, postmortem interval estimation to provide ideas for the application of exosomes in forensic work.

The Legal Correspondence of Sexual Self-Defense Capability Assessment / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To understand the legal application and case deposition of assessment opinions of sexual self-defense capability, and to explore the necessity of legal correspondence in the sexual defense capability assessment.@*METHODS@#According to the self-made questionnaire, the cases of sexual self-defense capability assessment completed by the Academy of Forensic Science from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2018 were statistically analyzed through telephone interviews and referrals.@*RESULTS@#Among the 69 cases, 3 cases (4.3%) had complete sexual self-defense capability, 30 cases (43.5%) had weakened sexual self-defense capability, 32 cases (46.2%) had no sexual self-defense capability, and 4 cases (5.8%) were not suitable for assessment. Among the 30 cases with weakened sexual self-defense ability, 15 cases were filed and investigated by public security authorities for rape and 15 cases were not. The inconsistent rate of disposition was 1∶1. Among the 15 rape cases filed and investigated by the public security authorities, 10 cases were arrested and prosecuted by the procuratorate and sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment by the court, while the other 5 cases were not arrested and prosecuted by the procuratorate, with an inconsistent rate of disposition being 2∶1.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The legal application of the assessment opinion on the weakening of sexual self-defense capability is inconsistent, and the judicial disposition is confusing. It is imperative to unify and correspond the classification of sexual self-defense capability with the legal requirements.

Visualization of Literature Information on Postmortem Interval Estimation Indexed by CNKI Database from 1990 to 2020 / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To explore the development process of the postmortem interval (PMI) research in China from January 1990 to August 2020, research hotspots in different periods, authors and cooperation between institutions, and to provide a reference for the better development of PMI inference research through the visualization of the literature information of the PMI estimation research indexed in China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI).@*METHODS@#The information visualization analysis software CiteSpace 5.7.R1 was used to carry out big data analysis on hotspots, high-frequency keywords, authors, institutions and other information in the research literature on PMI inference from January 1990 to August 2020 indexed in CNKI.@*RESULTS@#The peak time of publication of PMI was from 2006 to 2010 with 114 articles. In keyword co-occurrence network, the effective hot words were forensic entomology, DNA content analysis and some emerging words such as artificial intelligence and big data. In the cooperation network of institutions, the high-frequency institutions were mainly the scientific research institutions. The author cooperation network showed a trend of co-aggregation and multi-cooperation.@*CONCLUSIONS@#With the development of science and technology, the research on PMI estimation based on traditional methods is mature and novel strategies are emerging. Big data and artificial intelligence combined with forensic science provide new research directions on PMI estimation.

Individual Identification in Facial Appearance Biometrics Based on Macroscopical Comparison / 法医学杂志

Individual identification is one of the research hotspots in the practice of forensic science, and the judgment is usually built on the comparison of the unique biological characteristics of the individual, such as fingerprints, iris and DNA. With the dramatic increase in the number of cases related to video image investigations, there is an increasing need for the technology to identify individuals based on the macroscopic comparison of facial appearance biometrics. At present, with the introduction of computer three-dimensional (3D) modeling and 3D superimposition comparison technology, considerable progress has been made in individual identification methods based on macroscopic comparison of facial appearance biometrics. This paper reviews individual facial appearance biometric methods based on macroscopical comparison, comprehensively analyzes the advantages and limitations of different methods, and puts forward recommendations and prospects for subsequent research.

Trazas de ADN y su implicancia en la obtención de perfiles genéticos: revisión bibliográfica / Trace DNA and its implication in obtaining genetic profiles: bibliographic review

Introducción: El aumento en la sensibilidad de las técnicas empleadas ha permitido la obtención de perfiles genéticos a partir de trazas de ADN que se hayan depositado mediante contacto antes, durante o después de la comisión de los hechos investigados. Por otro lado, la contaminación accidental de los indicios biológicos, con la consecuente interpretación errónea de los resultados genéticos, tienen importantes consecuencias en el proceso judicial. Debido a ello, minimizar las contaminaciones que se pueden generar durante algunas de las fases de recolección o análisis genético, como así también la detección de estos eventos, es una prioridad para los laboratorios forenses. Objetivo: analizar las publicaciones más relevantes respecto a las trazas de ADN, los diferentes tipos de transferencia y contaminación que se pueden obtener en una evidencia. Metodología: se realizó la búsqueda en PubMed, del Instituto Nacional de Salud (NIH), y Google Académico usando las palabras clave en español e inglés: ADN de toque, Transferencia de ADN, Contaminación, Trazas, DNA-TTPR, Persistencia del ADN, Perfiles genéticos contaminados. Resultados: se encontraron más de 500 trabajos relacionados a la temática propuesta en esta revisión. El criterio de selección fue el número de citas, el enfoque y el impacto de estos. Se analizaron 71 artículos donde evaluaron la composición de las muestras de contacto y el origen del material genético que contienen. Además, de las metodologías de recolección, análisis de dichas muestras, la importancia que tiene la transferencia y contaminación del ADN en distintos escenarios posibles. Conclusión: existe riesgo de transferencia de ADN que puede conducir a resultados erróneos, por lo tanto es importante asegurar la actualización de los procedimientos de la práctica y brindar la capacitación adecuada para garantizar que el personal policial y del que recolecta indicios sea consciente de los riesgos de contaminación y de los diferentes mecanismos de transferencia de material genético...(AU)

Antropología forense: un instrumento de investigación y apoyo para frenar las violaciones de derechos humanos / Forensic Anthropology: an instrument for investigation and support to stop human rights violations

La Antropología Forense aporta elementos que contribuyen para que las víctimas y sus familiares encuentren la verdad, la justicia, la memoria, la reparación y la reconciliación. El presente artículo tiene por objeto destacar la importancia de brindar soluciones a las familias de personas desaparecidas por causas delincuenciales, ambientales, migratorias, entre otras, y que no han recibido una justicia pronta. Supone un pequeño contexto sobre los avances que se han realizado en Honduras en la materia, y reflexiona sobre la importancia de crear con urgencia una ley de personas desaparecidas y un programa que incorpore la creación de los equipos de Antropología Forense y los apoyos internacionales necesarios para el reconocimiento de las víctimas...(AU)

Use of the cryostat to prepare slides for trichological analysis / [Uso do aparelho criostato para preparação de lâminas para a análise tricológica]

A análise dos padrões morfológicos e morfométricos das microestruturas capilares é uma técnica não invasiva que pode ser utilizada para identificar espécies de mamíferos. Esta técnica pode ser aplicada em diversas áreas da ciência animal, tais como controle de qualidade de alimentos e análises forenses. Dada a dificuldade de obter seções transversais de pelos de guarda para expor o córtex, a maioria dos estudos analisou apenas os componentes medulares e cuticulares do pelo. A inclusão do córtex capilar de guarda em uma análise tricológica pode proporcionar uma descrição mais precisa das raças ou espécies de mamíferos. O presente estudo propõe um novo método para a execução de cortes transversais que expõem o córtex do pelo guarda de mamíferos utilizando um criostato.(AU)

Las Neurociencias Forenses: El nuevo Paradigma Penal / Forsensic Neurosciences: The New Criminal Paradigm

Resumen Las neurociencias están en medio de un resurgimiento del interés en la dimensión biológica de los estados mentales y la conducta humana, aún más con su introducción en el ámbito ce la criminología biosocial y el sistema penal. La introducción de nuevas disciplinas en el ámbito penal representa un reto al momento de validarlas como una herramienta útil para el proceso, dado que cada vertiente tendrá puntos a favor y en contra de ellas, por lo cuál es fundamental analizar de forma crítica la utilidad, viabilidad y grado de certeza que ofrezcan dichas disciplinas. Al margen de las neurociencias forenses, resulta predominante analizarlas de forma integral, biológica, psicológica, ética y legal, con la finalidad de que las aportaciones que esta rama ofrezca al estado de derecho sean objetivas y aptas para el sistema penal de cada circunstancia temporal y social en que se implementen.

Abstract Neurosciences are in the midst of a resurgence of interest in the biological dimension of human mental states and behavior, even more so with the introduction of biosocial criminology and the penal system into the field. The introduction of new disciplines in the criminal field represents a challenge when validating them as a useful tool for the process, given that each aspect will have points for and against them, which is why it is essential to critically analyze the usefulness, viability and degree of certainty offered by these disciplines. Apart from forensic neurosciences, it is predominant to analyze them in an integral, biological, psychological, ethical and legal way, so that the contributions that this branch offers to the rule of law are objective and suitable for the criminal system of each temporary and social circumstance in which they are implemented.

Ciências forenses: princípios éticos e vieses / Forensic sciences: ethical principles and biases / Ciencias forenses: principios éticos y sesgos

Resumo As ciências forenses empregam conhecimentos científicos e técnicas diversas para apurar crimes e outros assuntos legais - cíveis, penais ou administrativos. Sua principal função é viabilizar as investigações relativas à justiça civil e criminal, visando esclarecer as questões do sistema de segurança pública. Porém, com o avanço tecnológico, certos crimes - e, consequentemente, a prática forense - tornaram-se mais complexos. Como todas as profissões, as ciências forenses são regidas por princípios e práticas éticas que acrescentam deveres e responsabilidades ao profissional, objetivando agregar qualidade tanto no plano técnico quanto humano e evitar vieses. Com isso, este artigo apresenta reflexões sobre questões éticas e vieses relacionados à atuação dos profissionais das ciências forenses.

Abstract Forensic sciences use diverse scientific and technical knowledge to investigate crimes and other legal matters - civil, criminal, or administrative. Its primary role is to enable investigations related to civil and criminal justice, aiming to clarify issues of the public security system. But with technological advances, certain crimes, and consequently forensic practice, have become more complex. Like all professions, forensic sciences are governed by ethical principles and practices that include duties and responsibilities, aiming to add both technical and human quality and avoid biases. Thus, this article presents reflections on ethical issues and biases related to the forensic science professionals' work.

Resumen Las ciencias forenses utilizan conocimientos científicos y técnicas para investigar delitos y otros asuntos legales (civiles, penales o administrativos). Su función principal es posibilitar las investigaciones relativas a la justicia civil y penal, con el objetivo de resolver problemas del sistema de seguridad pública. Sin embargo, con el avance tecnológico, ciertos delitos -y, en consecuencia, la práctica forense- se han vuelto más complejos. Al igual que todas las profesiones, las ciencias forenses se rigen por principios y prácticas éticas que agregan deberes y responsabilidades al profesional, con el objetivo de mejorar la calidad técnica y humana y evitar sesgos. Este artículo presenta reflexiones sobre las cuestiones éticas y los sesgos relacionados con la actuación de los profesionales de las ciencias forenses.

Atuação do enfermeiro forense em casos de agressão sexual no contexto norte-americano / Desempeño de la enfermera forense en casos de agresión sexual en el contexto norteamericano / Performance of the forensic nurse in cases of sexual aggression in North American context

Objetivo: descrever a atuação do enfermeiro forense em casos de agressão sexual no contexto da assistência norte-americana. Método: revisão integrativa, conduzida nas bases/plataformas indexadas: Scientific Electronic Library Online, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde e Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System, entre 2009 e 2019. Utilizou-se o Statement Preferred Reporting items For Systematic Reviews And Meta-Analyses, para a sistematização dos estudos. Resultados: sete artigos compuseram a amostra, os quais emergiram a categoria Atuação e capacitação ao exame forense dos enfermeiros forenses no atendimento de vítimas de violência sexual. Conclusão: a atuação deste profissional ocorre nos hospitais e clínicas especializadas, sendo aptos na realização da coleta de vestígios, exame físico, acolhimento, testemunho em crimes de violência, e no campo educacional para capacitar e treinar novos profissionais.(AU)

Objective: to describe the role of the forensic nurse in cases of sexual assault in the context of North American assistance. Method: integrative review, conducted on the indexed bases/platforms Scientific Electronic Library Online, Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences and Medical Literature and Retrieval System, between 2009 and 2019. It was used o Statement Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes, for the systematization of studies. Results: seven articles made up the sample, which emerged the category Performance and training in the forensic examination of forensic nurses in the care of victims of sexual violence. Conclusion: the performance of this professional occurs in hospitals and specialized clinics, being able to carry out the collection of traces, physical examination, reception, testimony in crimes of violence, and in the educational field to train new professionals.(AU)

Objetivo: describir el rol de la enfermera forense en casos de agresión sexual en el contexto de la asistencia norteamericana. Método: revisión integradora, realizada en las bases/plataformas indexadas: Scientific Electronic Library Online, Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud y Literatura Médica y Retrieval System, entre 2009 y 2019. Se utilizó o Statement Preferred Reporting Ítems para Revisiones Sistemáticas y Metanálisis, para la sistematización de estudios. Resultados: siete artículos conformaron la muestra, de los cuales surgió la categoría Desempeño y capacitación en el examen forense de enfermeras forenses en la atención de víctimas de violencia sexual. Conclusión: la actuación de este profesional se da en hospitales y clínicas especializadas, pudiendo realizar la recolección de rastros, examen físico, recepción, testimonio en delitos de violencia, y en el ámbito educativo para capacitar a nuevos profesionales.(AU)

Progress and Application of Entomological Evidence in Forensic Science / 法医学杂志

Entomological evidence provides entry points and clues for cases detection, in terms of estimation of the postmortem interval （PMI）, and place and cause of death. In recent years, the feasibility of entomological evidence in practice has been proved by theories and cases. It especially plays an important role in the investigation of cases with unnatural death, no monitoring, and highly corrupt cadaver. However, there are still some key issues to be further studied and standardized before the application of entomological evidence to forensic practice, to improve the effect of entomological evidence in forensic investigation and trial. This paper retrospectively reviews key studies of the application of entomological evidence in forensic science, mainly including discussion of forensic entomology inspection standard, identification studies of sarcosaprophagous insect species, collection of sarcosaprophagous insect growth and succession data under different environments and forensic entomotoxicology. With the rapid development of information technology and biotechnology, applying artificial intelligence and whole genome sequencing technology in forensic entomology has become a new research direction, which can improve the application value and range of entomological evidence in forensic science.